Formalism

"In art history, formalism is the study of art by analysing and comparing form and style—the way objects are made and their purely visual aspects. In painting formalism emphasises compositional elements such as colour, line, shape, texture, and other perceptual aspects rather than iconography or the historical and social context. At its extreme, formalism in art history posits that everything necessary to comprehending a work of art is contained within the work of art. The context for the work, including the reason for its creation, the historical background, and the life of the artist, that is, its conceptual aspect is considered to be of secondary importance. Anti-formalism in art would assert the opposite ascription of respectively primary and secondary importance."

well that's what wikipedia says anyway formalism is the citique of work on the formal quality for example in music formalism would look at the melody for us Photography types its depth of field hue saturation grain colour texture light.  Our eyes automatically like rhythms and patterns, along with balance of colours and light, so images which have good formal qualities would automatically be more popular.

 below are some examples of different formal qualities in images at different end of the spectrum
  Depth of Field

in the top image taken by me at york minster a while ago the entire building is in focus, the second doesn't need to all be in focus so having a bigger depth of field keeps just the important stuff clear, in this case it was Sarah's Hair while the reflection in the mirror was blurred

 Composition having your main subject in certain places within your image can considerably change how attractive to the eye it is, there are lots of rules on whats pleasing and whats not, but sometimes breaking those rules can work just as well!

 Hue
Hue is looking at the colours within an image, for example adding a blue hue can make a picture appear cooler and orange tones can warm an image up

http://photo.net/nikon-camera-forum/00SAPZ

http://better-photography.com/tips-great-fall-photography/

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hue)

 Saturation
saturation refers to how much colour is in the image so desaturating on an image can make it look older and can give a classic timeless look

turning up the saturation can highlight certain parts of an image, for example if just the red was extenuated it would draw attention to those bits of the image

 grain
grain is sometimes considered a bad thing in images, but can sometimes give a nice softness to an image

http://grainsnap.com/free-grain-here/

 colour
colour is an aspect that we take for granted but sometimes the absence of colour can make more of an impact

Texture
Texture is a bit like grain, it can be a useful tool for making new items looking old, it can also add to the aesthetics of an image making it more pleasing to the eye if something in the image has a natural texture.

http://idesignow.com/photography/50-excellent-examples-of-texture-photography.html#.VN4iF_msUZg

http://www.slrlounge.com/create-textured-still-life-fine-art-photograph/

 light
light is one of the most important aspects we think about as photographers, everything from if we have enough of it, is there too much, where is it, whats the quality of it, can we control it, the amount of light can make a picture

This image was at a wedding and the DJ light had hit my lens at the perfect angle to make the lines of light across the frame, it was unintentional as when i was composing the shot the light wasn't in the same place, but I absolutely loved the outcome

This shot was taken a couple of seconds later and was the shot I was aiming to compose the light in the background makes the silhouettes stronger and the lack of light highlights the things that really matter, the couple

appropriation, plagerism, - fancy names for copying?

Appropriation in art is the use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them. The use of appropriation has played a significant role in the history of the arts (literary, visual, musical and performing arts). In the visual arts, to appropriate means to properly adopt, borrow, recycle or sample aspects (or the entire form) of human-made visual culture. Notable in this respect are the Readymades of Marcel Duchamp. Inherent in our understanding of appropriation is the concept that the new work recontextualizes whatever it borrows to create the new work. In most cases the original 'thing' remains accessible as the original, without change.
(wikipedia)

example of appropriation in photography

Marcel Duchamp

Leonardo da vinci

Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "stealing and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and the representation of them as one's own original work. The idea remains problematic with unclear definitions and unclear rules. The modern concept of plagiarism as immoral and originality as an idealemerged in Europe only in the 18th century, particularly with the Romantic movement.

Plagiarism is considered academic dishonesty and a breach of journalistic ethics. It is subject to sanctions like penalties, suspension, and even expulsion. Recently, cases of 'extreme plagiarism' have been identified in academia.

Plagiarism is not a crime per se but in academia and industry, it is a serious ethical offense, and cases of plagiarism can constitute copyright infringement.

(wikipedia)

example of plagerism in photography

(http://justcreative.com/2008/02/20/graphic-design-plagiarism-rip-offs)

A pastiche is a work of visual art, literature, theatre, or music that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more other artists. Unlike parody, pastiche celebrates, rather than mocks, the work it imitates.

The word pastiche is a French cognate of the Italian noun pasticcio, which is a pâté or pie-filling mixed from diverse ingredients.Metaphorically, pastiche and pasticcio describe works that are either composed by several authors, or that incorporate stylistic elements of other artists' work. Pastiche is an example of eclecticism in art.

example of pastiche in photography

 Milton Green’s classic shot features the American actress and Post Cereal heiress Dina Merrill regally attired in Cuban-born, American fashion designer Luis Estevez’ low-cut black crepe tribute to the famous Sargent painting. Originally published in LIFE in 1960.

(http://www.newyorksocialdiary.com/social-diary/2007/fashion-overload)

A parody (/ˈpærədi/; also called spoof, send-up or lampoon), in use, is an imitative work created to imitate, or comment on an original work, its subject, author, style, or some other target, by means of satiric or ironic imitation. As the literary theorist Linda Hutcheon puts it, "parody … is imitation, not always at the expense of the parodied text." Another critic, Simon Dentith, defines parody as "any cultural practice which provides a relatively polemical allusive imitation of another cultural production or practice." Parody may be found in art or culture, including literature, music (although "parody" in music has an earlier, somewhat different meaning than for other art forms), animation, gaming and film

examples of parody in photography

(http://www.boredpanda.com/famous-painting-remakes/)

There is a fine line between each of the above